High-Resolution Experiments on Strong-Field Ionization of Atoms and Molecules

High-Resolution Experiments on Strong-Field Ionization of Atoms and Molecules: Test of Tunneling Theory, the Role of Doubly Excited States, and Channel-Selective Electron Spectra
Springer | Physics | May 28, 2016 | ISBN-10: 3319320459 | 151 pages | pdf | 8.5 mb

Authors: Fechner, Lutz

Nominated as an outstanding Ph.D. thesis by the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Germany
Novel and revealing experiments on ionization in strong laser fieldsAllows tests of current understanding and models of tunneling processes

In this thesis, the ionization of atoms and small molecules in strong laser fields is experimentally studied using a reaction microscope. The population of autoionizing doubly excited states in the laser fields is proven and a possible connection to the well-known dielectronic recombination processes is discussed.

The fundamental process of tunnel ionization in strong laser fields is subject of investigation in a pump-probe experiment with ultrashort laser pulses. A coherent superposition of electronic states in singly charged argon ions is created within the first, and subsequently tunnel-ionized with the second pulse. This gives access to state-selective information about the tunneling process and allows to test common models. Moreover, the ionization of krypton and argon at different wavelengths is studied, from the multiphoton to the tunneling regime. The wavelength-dependent investigations are furthermore extended to molecular hydrogen. In addition to ionization, this system might undergo different dissociative processes. Channel-selective electron momentum distributions are presented and compared to each other.

Number of Illustrations and Tables

42 b/w illustrations, 29 illustrations in colour

Topics

Atoms and Molecules in Strong Fields, Laser Matter Interaction

Spectroscopy and Microscopy

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Experiments in the Machine Interpretation of Visual Motion (Repost)

David W. Murray, Bernard Buxton, “Experiments in the Machine Interpretation of Visual Motion”
1990 | pages: 243 | ISBN: 026213263X | PDF | 23,5 mb

If robots are to act intelligently in everyday environments, they must have a perception of motion and its consequences. This book describes experimental advances made in the interpretation of visual motion over the last few years that have moved researchers closer to emulating the way in which we recover information about the surrounding world. It describes algorithms that form a complete, implemented, and tested system developed by the authors to measure two-dimensional motion in an image sequence, then to compute three-dimensional structure and motion, and finally to recognize the moving objects.

The authors develop algorithms to interpret visual motion around four principal constraints. The first and simplest allows the scene structure to be recovered on a pointwise basis. The second constrains the scene to a set of connected straight edges. The third makes the transition between edge and surface representations by demanding that the wireframe recovered is strictly polyhedral. And the final constraint assumes that the scene is comprised of planar surfaces, and recovers them directly.

ContentsImage, Scene, and Motion; Computing Image Motion; Structure from Motion of Points; The Structure and Motion of Edges; From Edges to Surfaces; Structure and Motion of Planes; Visual Motion Segmentation; Matching to Edge Models; Matching to Planar Surfaces.

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The Prism and the Pendulum: The Ten Most Beautiful Experiments in Science

Robert P. Crease, “The Prism and the Pendulum: The Ten Most Beautiful Experiments in Science”

ISBN: 0812970624, 1400061318 | 2004 | EPUB | 272 pages | 2 MB

Is science beautiful? Yes, argues acclaimed philosopher and historian of science Robert P. Crease in this engaging exploration of history’s most beautiful experiments. The result is an engrossing journey through nearly 2,500 years of scientific innovation. Along the way, we encounter glimpses into the personalities and creative thinking of some of the field’s most interesting figures.

We see the first measurement of the earth’s circumference, accomplished in the third century B.C. by Eratosthenes using sticks, shadows, and simple geometry. We visit Foucault’s mesmerizing pendulum, a cannonball suspended from the dome of the Panthéon in Paris that allows us to see the rotation of the earth on its axis. We meet Galileo—the only scientist with two experiments in the top ten—brilliantly drawing on his musical training to measure the speed of falling bodies. And we travel to the quantum world, in the most beautiful experiment of all.

We also learn why these ten experiments exert such a powerful hold on our imaginations. From the ancient world to cutting-edge physics, these ten exhilarating moments reveal something fundamental about the world, pulling us out of confusion and revealing nature’s elegance. The Prism and the Pendulum brings us face-to-face with the wonder of science.